When switching a patient from another formulation of trientine, caution is advised because the doses expressed may not be equivalent due to differences in bioavailability. 2). Trientine is a chelating agent which has been found to reduce serum iron levels.
Iron supplements may be necessary in some cases. 5). The combination of trientine with zinc is not recommended. There are only limited data on concomitant use available and no specific dose recommendations can be made. 5). In patients who were previously treated with D-penicillamine, lupus-like reactions have been reported during subsequent treatment with trientine, however it is not possible to determine if there is a causal relationship with trientine.
Monitoring Patients receiving trientine should remain under regular medical supervision and be monitored using all available clinical data for appropriate control of clinical symptoms and copper levels in order to optimise treatment.
Frequency of monitoring is recommended to be at least twice a year. 2). The aim of maintenance treatment is to maintain free copper levels in plasma (also known as non-ceruloplasmin plasma copper) and the urinary copper excretion within the acceptable limits.
The determination of serum free copper, calculated using the difference between the total copper and the ceruloplasmin-bound copper (normal level of free copper in the serum is usually 100 to 150 microgram/L), can be a useful index for monitoring therapy.
The measurement of copper excretion in the urine may be performed during therapy. Since chelation therapy leads to an increase in urinary copper levels, this may/will not give an accurate reflection of the excess copper load in the body but may be a useful measure of treatment compliance.
The use of appropriate copper parameter target ranges is described in clinical practice guidelines related to Wilson's disease. 6) since copper is required for proper growth and mental development. Therefore, monitoring for manifestations of overtreatment should be undertaken.
Patients with renal and/or hepatic impairment receiving trientine should remain under regular medical supervision for appropriate control of symptoms and copper levels. 2). Worsening of neurological symptoms may occur at the beginning of chelation therapy due to excess of free serum copper during the initial response to treatment.
It is possible that this effect may be more evident in patients with pre-existing neurological symptoms. It is recommended to monitor patients closely for such signs and symptoms and to consider careful titration to reach the recommended therapeutic dose and to reduce dose when necessary.
Dose adjustments in the trientine dose should be considered in case of signs of reduced efficacy such as (persistent) increase in liver enzymes, and worsening of tremor. When trientine doses are adjusted this should be done in small steps.